Unit three ethical essay

It is estimated that 55% of the adult population in the United States are either obese or overweight. Obesity has increased in a way to where an individual is at risk of suffering from chronic diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Those with excess fat in the abdominal area are at increased health risk.While obesity rates have become higher, levels of physical activity have lessened. For the overweight, a lifestyle approach to physical activity may be less likely but can be helped by just a simple exercise. There are many things that can be done that could prevent obesity from happening. Studies have shown that the core of this problem as young as kids start right from the parents. Parents who prefer to eat out and do fast food all the time. Instead of making the family a nice healthy home cooked meal.Each year obesity causes at lease three hundred thousand deaths in the United States. I feel that this is something that can be prevented by each individual person if we ourselves started doing more physical activities. Most peoples daily lifestyles consist of sitting in a chair in front of the computer all day long. Then a family will choose to go to a movie instead of going for a hike. Video games, movies, computers, ect. has changed people life styles tremendously.I think that if we just allowed some exercise of any kind through out the day that it would make a huge differance.I myself, have a treadmill in my living room, so when there is a day that I didn't gat any physical activity in. I will run on that for about two miles. I feel every little bit helps. In just doing a little thing like that, twenty minutes out of the day, could lessen the statistic of obese people.

Course Evaluation

REGARDING COURSE CONTENT--THEMES AND TOPICS FOR THE UNITS

-Unit I: Cells and Genetics
-Unit II: The Body--Internal Maintenance
-Unit III: The Body--Environmental Interactions
-Unit IV: Human Populations (I know, you haven't done it yet, but you can check it out)
Which Unit did you like best and why?

Which Unit did you like least and why?
I disliked the first unit the most I think, and that is only because it just seemed overwelming, and alot of work, It just took a little getting used to.
Is there some major area of Human Biology that you feel was neglected and should be included in the course?
No I thought this course was a lot of fun and interesting to be honset. I don't really like biology and for me to enjoy a course is pretty good.
MAJOR TOPICS
-Cells
-Genetics
-Oxygen/Blood/Immunity
-Food and Nutrition
-Nervous Function
-Movement
-Reproduction
-Human Ecology
Which two Major Topics stand out as particularly well presented? Why?
I feel that the food and nutrition because I thought that it gave a lot of interesting facts and seemed to be very knowledgable for me. Also genetics, I learned a lot about because it was so much information and was in great detail.
Which two Major Topics stand out as having been confusing or difficult to understand? Why?
human ecology, and nervous system, because they were not topics that I feel I got as much from as the other ones.
Other comments regarding course content:


REGARDING COURSE DELIVERY AND INTERACTION WITH WEBSITE AND INSTRUCTOR
Have you taken an online course before?
yes
How would you describe your "digital nativeness" or ease of using the computer and internet?
Excellent
For the following aspects of the course, please how effective each one was for you (very, somewhat, not much): very
-Overall Course Welcome and Orientation Video:
-Unit Introduction Videos:
-PowerPoint presentations (please indicate if you listened to the narrations):
-Online Weblinks:
-Online Labs:
-Lab Projects:
-Ethical Issues:
-Textbook:
-Blogs for presenting assignments:
-E-mail or other interactions with instructor:

Which two aspects of the course delivery and evaluation from the above list most helped you to learn? Why?
The online weblinks because I had to find a lot of facts about the subject and learn it so I knew what I was talking about. Also the lab projects, because they were a new fun way of learning.
Which two aspects of the course delivery (course activities and assignments) would you recommend changing or eliminating? Why? Don't really think I would eliminate any actually.

Was there any part of the course website that you found confusing or difficult to navigate?
The blogger site was a little confusing at first, but not its okay.
Other comments regarding course delivery and interaction with website/instructor:
I really liked the instructor, he was really helpful to me.

Major lab project

In this project The house hold products I used to make a human limb were paperclips. I chose to do the arm and forearm.
Bones of the Arm
The bones of the human arm extend from the shoulder to the wrist. The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. The rounded head of the humerus fits into a cavity in the scapula to form the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint that enables full circular movement of the arm. The lower end of the humerus joins the bones of the forearm at the elbow to form a hinged joint. This hinged joint permits the forearm to bend up and down. The radius and ulna are two parallel bones that form the forearm. The radius is the shorter bone on the thumb-side of the forearm. The radius can rotate over the ulna, permitting the forearm to twist.

The structures you should be able to identify are:
head
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
crest of the greater tubercle
crest of the lesser tubercle
intertubercular sulcus (groove)
deltoid tuberosity
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa

The structures you should be able to identify are:
Radius
head
neck
radial tuberosity
styloid process
Ulna
coronoid process
olecranon process
ulnar tuberosity
slyloid process

In conclusion the arm consists of several different muscles and bones.

the arm, wrist and hand: There are 64 bones in the upper extremity. They consist of 10 shoulder and arm, 16 wrist and 38 hand bones.
The 10 shoulder and arm bones are the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna on each side.
The 16 wrist bones are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate on each side.
The 38 hand bones are the 10 metacarpal bones and 28 phalanges (finger bones).

I thought that this lab was very interesting, and enjoyed playing around with different bones and muscles that consist in the arm.

Muscle Lab

I found this lab to be very interesting for many reasons. I could see how exactly the muscles works in the arm and hand. Muscles are one of those things that most of us take completely for granted. I found out how important muscles are and why we need them. There are two main things a muscle does for us. Firstly, Muscles are the "engine" that your body uses to propel itself. Secondly, It would be impossible for you to do anything without your muscles. Absolutely everything that you conceive of with your brain is expressed as muscular motion. The only ways for a person to express an idea are with the muscles of your larynx, mouth and tongue (spoken words), with the muscles of your fingers (written words or "talking with your hands") or with the skeletal muscles (body language, dancing, running, building or fighting, to name a few).

Muscle Action

1. Place your fingers along the angle of your jaw just in front of your
ear. Grit your teeth and observe what happens to the hardness of the
muscles in your cheek.

2. With the thumb and little finger of one hand, span the opposite arm's
biceps (front muscle of the upper arm) from the elbow to as close to the
shoulder as possible. Bend the arm and observe the change in the length of
the muscle.

3. Wrap a strip of paper around your upper arm and mark the circumference
of your arm on the paper. Clench your fist tightly and mark the new
circumference on the paper. Observe what happens to the circumference of
the muscle.

Effect of Temperature on Muscle Action

1. Count the number of times you can make a fist in 20 seconds. Start with
your hand completely outstretched and make a tight fist each time. Do it
as rapidly as you can. Record the count in Figure 1.

2. Now submerge your hand in a dishpan of water to which has been added
snow or ice so that the temperature is near the freezing point. Leave your
hand in the water for one full minute.

3. Remove your hand and immediately count how many forceful fists you can
make in 20 seconds. Record in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Effect of Temperature on Muscle Action

Temperature
Number of Fists
Normal 51
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Ice Water 37
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Figure 2: Effect of Fatigue on muscle action

Trial
# of Squeezes in 20 seconds
9 More X's
1 46
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2 42
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3 39
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4 35
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5 32
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6 28
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7 25
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8 23----------------------------------------
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9 21
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10 17
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ANALYSIS OF DATA:

1. What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)?
From what I observe the three changes would be that the muscle was firms, it was bigger around and the length was longer.

2. What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
In temperture change the colder muscles moved slower and the reaction slowed down quite a bit.

4. What effect did fatigue have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
The fatigue of my muscles started to work slow and was resistant to squeezing the ball.

CONCLUSION-
I found this lab to be very fun an entertaining, it was fun to see how the muscles adapted to different situations. That the colder tempature made them struggle to work as well. It was very educational.

Lab topic one-

Nervous Function-

1. What is the electrode measuring?

the electrode is being used to measure the activity of the neurons. An electrode is a conductor through which electric current is passed. Found in variable forms, electrodes may be wires, plates, or rods. An electrode may be constructed of metal, such as copper, silver, lead, or zinc. However, an electrode may also be made of a nonmetal substance, such as carbon.

2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?

Leeches are very interesting creatures to do an experiments on. I think that they are a very well species to use, because they do not have a complex system. They are very simple.

3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?

Motor neurons - send information from the C.N.S to the muscles. Causing the muscles to move. They have short dendrites and long axons. The diagram below show a diagram of a motor neuron
Sensory neurons - send information from the sense organs to the C.N.S. They have long dendrites and short axons. The diagram above shows a picture of a sensory neuron.

4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?

Pain is a sensation that hurts. It may cause discomfort, distress or agony. It may be steady or throbbing. It may be stabbing, aching, or pinching. However you feel pain, only you can describe it or define it. There fore I like to think that leeches do experience pain just as well as anything or anyone else.

5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?

I think that the most interesting thing about this lab, was to the study on the leeches. It was interesting to try and find the nervous system inside the leech and how it looked.

6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?

I don't really think there is anything that really stands out in this lab that I didn't like actually, I found it to be fun and very educational.

Compendium Review topic TWO Unit 3

Movement- Musle and Bone-

Muscle Structure and Function-

Muscle tissue can be one of several types in the body: smooth, cardiac, or skeletal. For our purposes we are concerned with skeletal muscle, which makes up the bulk of the body's muscle and is the tissue we use for physical activity.
The muscle that you can see is composed of subunits called fascicles. Fascicles are bundles of individual muscle fibers. Each fiber is one elongated cell that may extend for the length of the muscle. Each muscle fiber cell has several nucleii (unlike most cells, which have only one), and is segmented into distinct sectional bands. Within each muscle cell are numerous myofibrils, which also extend for the length of the muscle cell. Sarcomeres are the basic contractile subunit of myofibrils.

A whole skeletal muscle is considered an organ of the muscular system. Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue.
Skeletal muscles vary considerably in size, shape, and arrangement of fibers. They range from extremely tiny strands such as the stapedium muscle of the middle ear to large masses such as the muscles of the thigh. Some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow. In some muscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle, in some they converge to a narrow attachment, and in some they are oblique.

Movement across the joints-

Most joints in the body are freely movable joints. The joint consists of the joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial cavity. There are six classifications of freely movable joints: ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints. These joints have much more complex structures than the immovable and slightly movable joints. The ends of the bones in this type of joint are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage. The whole joint is enclosed in a watertight sac or membrane containing a small amount of lubricating fluid. This lubrication enables the joint to work with little friction. Ligaments reach across the joints from one bone to another and keep the bone stable. When ligaments are torn, we call the injury a sprain; when bones are out of place, we refer to this as a dislocation; and when bones are chipped or broken, the injury is called a fracture.

TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

Joint movements are generally divided into four types: gliding, angular, rotation, and circumduction. Gliding Gliding is the simplest type of motion. It is one surface moving over another without any rotary or angular motion. This motion exists between two adjacent surfaces. Angular Angular motion decreases or increases the angle between two adjoining bones. The more common types of angular motion are as follows:

· Flexion—bending the arm or leg.

· Extension—straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers. · Abduction—moving an extremity away from the body.

· Adduction—bringing an extremity toward the body. Rotation Rotation is a movement in which the bone moves around a central point without being displaced, such as turning the head from side to side.

Bones-

Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. Bones function to move, support, and protect the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure, allowing them to be lightweight yet strong and hard, while fulfilling their many other functions. One of the types of tissues that makes up bones is the mineralized osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives bones their rigidity and honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other tissue types found in bones include marrow, the periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.

Compendium Review topic ONE Unit 3

What does the nervous system do?

The nervous system allows an organism to use its five senses (taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell) and to adapt to certain conditions. The nervous system is a small chain of reactions. First, the body senses a problem, or something it needs to fix. The nerves form a message, that gets passed on through the spinal cord to the brain. The brain takes this message, translates it, passes back through the nervous system, and back to the nerves. The nerves are the able to control the body to fix the problem it started with. This all happens in a matter of milliseconds.

What does the nervous system consist of?

The Nervous System is made up of three main parts:
The Brain - This is in the central part of the nervous system. The brain helps control one's behavior. It will receive and send messages for the rest of the body through the spinal cord. These are the three parts of the brain.
1. Cerebrum- It is the biggest part of the brain that controls higher processes such as speaking, reasoning, and memorizing and the 5 senses - smell, touch, taste, sight, and hearing.
2. Cerebellum- This controls voluntary actions in the body such as talking, eating, singing, swimming, etc.
3. Medulla- This controls involuntary actions such as choking, breathing, heart rate, etc.
The Spinal Cord - The spinal cord is our body's main nerve. It is about 18 inches, or 45 cm long, and as thick as a finger. It extends from the base of the brain and runs down our spine. Our spinal cord acts as the link between the brain and the nerves that are spread throughout our body. From each side of the spinal cord are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the brain. The link of bones that protect the spinal cord are called the vertebrae.
The Nerves- This part of the system is called the peripheral nervous system. This is a pathway to the brain for the five senses. The nerves form messages to send to the brain through the spinal cord.

Action potentials- Rapid transmission of messages-

In response to the appropriate stimulus, the cell membrane of a nerve cell goes through a sequence of depolarization from its rest state followed by repolarization to that rest state. In the sequence, it actually reverses its normal polarity for a brief period before reestablishing the rest potential.
The above example of the squid action potential was patterned after a measured action potential shown in West's Medical Physics. The approximate time intervals shown were scaled from time markers on the experimental trace. The times seem very short to me. I thought the recovery time to rest potential was more like 100 msec.
The action potential sequence is essential for neural communication. The simplest action in response to thought requires many such action potentials for its communication and performance. For modeling the action potential for a human nerve cell, a nominal rest potential of -70 mV will be used.

Reflex Arc (Simple sematic function) and autonomic function-

reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action. In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the reflex action occurs.

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, maintaining homeostasis in the body. These maintenance activites are primarily performed without conscious control or sensation. The ANS has far reaching effects, including: heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, micturition - (the discharge of urine), and erection. Whereas most of its actions are involuntary, some ANS functions work in tandem with the conscious mind, such as breathing. Its main components are its sensory system, motor system and the enteric nervous system.

What can we sense?-

The human body is a beautifully engineered structure. The body has a general plan. We all have arms, legs, a head, ears, and eyes on the outside of our bodies. We also have similar parts on the inside of our bodies. We all have one heart, two lungs, one brain, two kidneys, and one stomach. Understanding and learning about the human body is a complicated subject. If you just take an organ or system and emphasize its function, you must tell students how the system fits into the rest of the body's functions.
You can introduce the parts of the body, both internal and external, by using the organs that allow humans to operate their senses. The nervous system controls the actions and sensations of all the parts of your body by using a complex network of nerves, which carry electrical signals to and from the brain. The brain and spinal cord compose the central nervous system, acting as the central clearing house. One part of your nervous system controls your body's relationship to the external environment and another part controls your body's internal organs. The human body has five major senses which operate to gather information from the world around us, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Any stimulus to one of the sense areas is detected by sensory nerves and is sent to the brain for interpretation.
The eye acts like a camera. Human vision is stereoscopic, which means seeing in three dimensions. When we look at objects two slightly different images are transmitted to the brain, and are merged so the brain can interpret the image that we see. This allows us to see objects which stand away from the background, not flat like you see in a photograph.
The ear is specially made to receive sound waves that are sent out by vibrating objects and converts them into sensations we call sound.
The nose contains the nostrils and organs of smell. The stimulus that excites smell is chemical, for example onion and garlic give off different chemical sensations.
The tongue is the organ that controls taste. Taste is also a chemical stimulus. Things to be tasted must touch the tongue, sometimes, taste become combined with smell because of the connection between the mouth and the back of the nose.
Touch is created by stimulating the skin through the sensations of touch, pressure, pain, heat and cold.